History of Robin

Robin 0.8-2024.0330

A minor release, with no changes to the language. In the distribution, however,

• Licensing info was arranged to follow the REUSE 3.0 convention. This allowed more specific indication of which files were BSD licensed and which were in the public domain. In addition the copyright date was updated and the third clause was dropped from the BSD license (making it the 2-Clause BSD license.)
• Updated the dependencies in the robin.cabal file to allow building with contemporary ghc libraries.
• Replaced the Makfile with build.sh and clean.sh scripts. These continue to use cabal and hastec, if available, to build robin.exe and the JavaScript version.
• Made some minor and essentially aesthetic updates to the stdlib documentation.

Robin 0.8-2021.1231

A minor release, with no changes to the language. In the distribution, however,

• Added a cabalfile for the purpose of tracking dependencies.
• Replaced build.sh and clean.sh with a Makefile which uses cabal, if available, to build the robin.exe executable. It also supports building the JavaScript version using hastec.
• Changed test.sh to search for and use Falderal appliances to test the different implementations rather than using them via the bin/robin convenience wrapper script.
• Made the LICENSE file more succinct (no legal changes), put the documentation license on the documentation specifically, and placed the example programs in the eg directory in the pubic domain.
• Made the HTML-based demo use the "standard" JavaScript launcher used by Cat's Eye Technologies' other hastec- built projects, as well as some example Robin programs.

Robin 0.8

• What was previously known as a macro is now known as a fexpr.
• The fexpr form no longer provides the self argument to its definition. If recursion is desired in the definition of a fexpr, the fexpr should be written recursively (in the same way functions have traditionally been written recursively in Robin: pass the fexpr itself as the first argument to the fexpr.) The Robin definitions of fexprs in the standard library such as let and list have been rewritten this way.
• The object that calling fexpr or fun produces is no longer called a "macro". It is an "operator". There there are other ways to obtain an operator than applying a fexpr or fun (for instance there have always been intrinsic operators; it's not fair to call them "macros".)
• When a reactor produces an abort value, it does not cause a further event reporting the abort value to occur.

In the standard library,

• The Robin definition of bind now checks that the name being bound is a symbol. The Robin definition of let is now based on that of bind so it inherits this behaviour.
• The documentation for the alist functions in the standard library was improved.
• Added the bind-vals operator, which is like bind-args but does not evaluate the arguments, and which works on possibly-deep lists.

For the reference implementation,

• When exceptions were replaced with abort values in 0.6, the evaluator wasn't fully adapted to handling abort values in all places. Evaluator support has been changed to make it harder to forget to check for the abort value when needed.
• Fixed recent import changes which prevented it from running under Hugs.
• The Macro type of expressions has been removed, and Builtin renamed Operator.
• No builtins are exposed by default. The --no-builtins flag was replaced by the --enable-builtins flag, which has the complementary effect.

Robin 0.7

• The meaning of multiple defines of the same symbol has changed: it is allowed for the purposes of providing multiple semantically equivalent definitions of a symbol. The implementation is allowed to (but not required to) try to disprove the definitions are semantically equivalent. This obviates the need for define-if-absent, which has been removed.
• Two macro values are now considered equal if their definitions are exactly equal (intensional equality sans alpha-conversion).
• Abort values now have a defined representation.

For the reference implementation,

• There are now QuickCheck tests that check whether the multiple definitions for a symbol, when given, are semantically equivalent.
• error is no longer used anywhere in the source.

Robin 0.6

• Exceptions and exception handlers were removed from the language. This is because conventional exception handlers have dynamic scope, and thus break referential transparency, while lexical exception handlers are of limited usefulness.
• In their place are abort values. The raise intrinsic is replaced by abort, which evaluates to an abort value. An abort value is the wrong type for most operations, which results in another abort value (indicating a type error), so aborts cascade upwards.
• The catch intrinsic is replaced by recover, which is intended for testing and handling abort values; it takes 5 arguments.
• Lookup of values in an environment is more forgiving; if the alist for the environment is malformed, lookup will not complain about the malformedness of it; the identifier being sought will simply not be found.

For the reference implementation,

• Clean up of source code: stylistic and refactoring.
• No dedicated Env ADT; environments are Exprs.
• No dedicated IEnv type - no more exception handler.

Robin 0.5 (Late Sep 2019)

• The define-if-absent top-level form was added.
• Fixed a bug in definition of multiply.
• Renamed >, >=, <, and <= to gt?, gte?, lt?, and lte? respectively.
• Several definitions fixed to not expose extra symbols that they don't define.

For the reference implementation,

• Implemented built-in versions of symbols in arith package.
• Refactored the reactors module into Reactors, EventLoop, and Facilities. The EventLoop does not rely on any particular facilities; they are (dependency-)injected by the Main module.
• Allowed the reference implementation to run under Hugs, in part by providing a HugsMain.hs which only includes the facilities that are supported by Hugs.
• Modelled environments with their own algebraic data type (Env). Experimented with implementing them with Data.Map.Strict, with limited success (Robin's semantics define an environment to be able to shadow old bindings.)

Robin 0.4 (Early Sep 2019)

• Reworked entire specification document, making it properly modular.
• Many tests are for the Robin Expression Language, and have been made explicitly so, instead of for the Robin Toplevel Language.
• The bound? predicate was added to env lib in stdlib.
• The require top-level form was added.
• The write command was added to the definition of line-terminal.
• The random-u16-source facility was added to the Reactors specification and to the reference implementation.
• Fixed shortcomings in < and > where operating on large numbers would give incorrect results (thanks wob_jonas!)
• Clarified what Robin borrows from PicoLisp (thanks arseniiv!)

For the reference implementation,

• Added eval command-line option, to evaluate a Robin expression given in a text file (mostly to support Robin Expression tests.)
• Added a small, crude QuickCheck test suite.

Robin 0.3 (Aug 2019)

• The "intrinsics wrappers" were removed. Their semantics have been incorporated into the intrinsics themselves (whose names no longer begin with @.) The rationale is that they were hardly more complex than the intrinsics themselves.
• The "fun" package has also been merged into "small", since without intrinsics wrappers there is little reason to keep it separate.
• The reactor subsystem was reformed. Reactors define a transducer function that takes an event and a state, and returns a new state and a list of commands, which are simply new events. Several other details were cleared up, and the implementation was re-written.
• The assert top-level form was added.

For the reference implementation,

• There is only one executable now, and it's called robin
• The Haskell modules are in the namespace Language.Robin
• A multitude of other small cleanups.

Robin 0.2 (ca 2014)

Robin 0.2 was a somewhat significant departure from Robin 0.1. It kept:

• its syntax
• its core builtins (mostly)
• some of its standard modules ("small", list, environment, boolean, arith)
• exceptions (and makes them standard rather than optional)
• its zealous system agnosticism
• its zealous disdain for escape characters (i.e. its literal string syntax)

Robin 0.2 discards from Robin 0.1:

• bigrats. Instead, in Robin 0.2 you get 32-bit signed integers (yes, precisely those.) Anything else, you have to build.
• its module system. Robin 0.2 has its own, much less hermetic/holistic system.
• concurrency.
• I/O and side-effects. It has reactors instead.
• its grand ambitions. Robin would rather exist than be perfect.

Robin 0.2 adds to Robin 0.1:

• reactors, which I hope will be a cleaner and more system-agnostic way to do I/O.

Robin 0.1 (ca 2012)

Initial language.

Pre-history (ca 2010)

Robin was originally a design for a Pixley-based operating system (or something similar to an operating system) which was heavily resource-oriented; almost everything, including every concurrent process, was a virtual device which must be acquired from a central resource arbiter. This arbiter could satisfy the constraints specified when requesting a device any way it saw fit; so the operating environment potentially had a lot of influence over exactly what any given program does.

Not a lot of that idea remains, but it did influence the fact that Robin should be a purely functional language which nevertheless interacts with the rest of the world through some kind of framework.